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Secretaries General of NATO:

 

•   Lord Robertson (1999 – 0000)

•   Javier Solana (1995-1999)

•   Willy Claes (1994-1995)

•   Manfred Worner (1988-1994)

•   Lord Carrington (1984-1988)

•   Joseph Luns (1971-1984)

•   Manlio Brosio (1964-1971)

•   Dirk U. Stikker (1961-1964)

•   Paul Henri Spaak (1957-1961)

•   Lord Ismay (1952-1957)

 

NATO Secretary General

The Rt. Hon. the Lord Robertson of Port Ellen

George Robertson was Member of Parliament for Hamilton (latterly Hamilton South) from 1978 to 1999. On 24 August 1999 he received a life peerage and took the title Lord Robertson of Port Ellen.

He became Secretary of State for Defence in May 1997, until his departure in October 1999. In August 1999, he was selected to be the next Secretary General of NATO, in succession to Dr Javier Solana. He took up his new appointment on 14 October.

Born in 1946 in Port Ellen, Isle of Islay, and educated in Dunoon Grammar School, he attended the University of Dundee. He graduated with MA (Honours in Economics) in 1968.

He was a full time official of the General, Municipal and Boilermakers' Union responsible for the Scottish Whisky industry from 1968-1978.

He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Social Services in 1979. After the 1979 General Election, he was appointed to the Opposition Front Bench, first on Scottish Affairs, then on Defence, and on Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1993. He was made Deputy Opposition Spokesman for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in 1983 and served as Principal Spokesman on European Affairs from 1984 to 1993. He served as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland from 1993 to 1997.

He is a former Chairman of the Scottish Labour Party, and founder Vice-chairman of the new Westminister Foundation for Democracy. He served as Vice-Chairman of the British Council for nine years. He was a member of the Council of British Executive Service Overseas and Vice-Chairman of the Britain/Russia Centre. He is a former member of the Advisory Board for the Know-How Funds for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, and for seven years was on the Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. He is a Governor of the Ditchley Foundation and the National Memorial to the David Livingstone Trust.

He has been Vice-Chairman of the British/American Parliamentary Group and its Honorary President of the British/German Parliamentary Group. He is an Honorary Vice-President of the British German Association. He has helped found the British American Project Board (for the Successor Generation) and is on its Advisory Board. He was on the Council of the British Atlantic Committee from 1979 to 1990.He was a prominent member of the Steering Committee of the (British/German) Kِnigswinter Conference.

He was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Order of Merit by the Federal German President in 1991 and was named joint Parliamentarian of the Year in 1993 for his role during the Maastricht Bill ratification.

He is married to Sandra, and has three children. His hobbies include photography and golf.

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NATO Secretary General

Dr. Javier Solana (1995 – 1999)

Javier Solana took office as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's ninth Secretary General in December 1995.

As chairman of the North Atlantic Council -- NATO's highest decision-making body comprising high representatives of the 16 member countries -- he coordinates the policy-making process. One of his main roles is to help find common ground on which the Allies, the political authorities of the Alliance, can agree. He can also be entrusted by the member countries of the Alliance to negotiate on the Council's behalf with third parties. He is the main spokesman for the Alliance.

Dr Solana, who was born in Madrid in 1942, is a professor of solid-state physics and was a member of parliament from 1977 to 1995. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Party.

He held a variety of cabinet posts from 1982 including Minister of Culture, government spokesman and Minister of Education and Science before becoming Minister for Foreign Affairs in July 1992, a portfolio he held until his appointment as NATO Secretary General.

Within days of Dr Solana taking up his NATO post, the NATO-led, multinational Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in Bosnia, under a U.N. mandate, to enforce military aspects of the Dayton peace agreements.

A year later, in December 1996, IFOR was replaced by the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia. This peace-keeping force is staying on in Bosnia under a formal extension agreed from this June. Dr Solana himself has visited Sarajevo and other localities in Bosnia many times in the past two and a half years, paying calls on NATO and non-NATO forces there.

Dr Solana, under a mandate from NATO's 16 nations, negotiated the Founding Act with the Russian Federation which was signed in Paris in May 1997 and which is establishing a new partnership of cooperation and consultation with Russia.

Under a similar, separate, mandate Dr Solana also negotiated a new relationship with Ukraine culminating in the signing of the Ukraine-NATO Charter on a Distinctive Partnership in July of 1997.

During his term in office, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, bringing together the 16 NATO nations and 28 Partner countries was set up in Sintra, Portugal, in May, 1997. The EAPC provides a political roof for consultations and cooperation on a wide variety of security-related issues among the 44 and for Partnership for Peace activities.

He presided over the NATO Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Madrid in July 1997 when the Allies invited Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland to begin talks to join the Alliance.

Dr Solana will preside over the Summit of Heads of State and Government in Washington on April 24 and 25, 1999, when the Alliance celebrates its 50th anniversary and unfurls its strategic aims and policy objectives into the next century.

He is married with two children.

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NATO Secretary General

Willy Claes (1994-1995)

Born in Hasselt (Belgium), November 24, 1938

Willy Claes was elected to the Hasselt City Council in 1964, going on four years later to enter parliament when he was elected to the House of Representatives and appointed to report on the Budget. From 1971 onwards, he was one of the spokesmen of the Belgian Socialist Party each time a government was formed. His first ministerial appointment was to the Department of Education in the government headed by Mr. Gaston Eyskens in 1972. In 1973, he was put in charge of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Leburton-De Clercq-Tindemans government.

In the second government headed by Mr. Tindemans (1977), Mr. Claes was once more appinted Minister of Economic Affiars. Between 1978-1982, Willy Claes was Minister of Economic Affairs in four governments led by Wilfried Martens, and in one headed by Mark Eyskens. He was also appinted Deputy Prime Minister, a post he has held five times.

In December 1983, King Baudouin appointed him Minister of State. From 1988 to 1992, he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs in the government led by Mr. Martens. In March 1992, when Mr. Jean-Luc Dehaene became Prime Minister, Mr. Claes was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was elected Chairman of the Party of European Socialists in July 1992.

Mr. Claes is a well-known orchestral conductor and accomplished musician. He is married to Suzanne Meynen, a former nurse and midwife, now active in several associations providing psycho-social and medical assistance. They have two children.

In September 1994, Mr. Claes was nominated by NATO Foreign Ministers to succeed Manfred Worner as Secretary General of NATO. He took up his appointment as Secretary General on 17 October 1994. He was succeeded by Mr. Javier Solana in December 1995.

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NATO Secretary General

Manfred Worner (1988-1994)

Born in Stuttgart, September 24, 1934, deceded 1994

Manfred Worner attended the Universities of Heidelberg and Paris and then pursued legal studies at the University of Munich. He received a doctorate in International Law in 1958, his dissertation having dealt with the defence relations allied countries.

Mr. Worner worked as an administrator in the State of Baden- Würtemberg, before becoming parliamentary adviser at the State Diet of Baden-Württemberg in 1962. Elected to the German Bundestag in 1965, he remained a member of parliament until becoming Secretary General of NATO. His special interests as an elected representative have been parliamentary reform and security policy.

Chairman of the Working Group on Defence of the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) parliamentary party until 1976, Mr. Worner was Chairman of the Defence Committee of the German Bundestag until 1980; and Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary party with special responsibility for foreign policy, defence policy, development policy and internal German relations until 1982. During this period he was also a member of the Federal Executive of the CDU and Deputy Chairman of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

From October 1982 until May 1988, Mr. Worner was Minister of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany. He took up his appointment as Secretary General of NATO on July 1, 1988. Mr. Worner died in office, on August 13, 1994. He was succeeded by Willy Claes, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affiars.

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NATO Secretary General

Lord Carrington (1984-1988)

Born in 1919

Lord Carrington was educated in the United Kingdom at Eton and the Royal Military College of Sandhurst. In 1946 he began to take an active part in the work of Parliament, and in 1951 became a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1954 he became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence.

In 1956 Lord Carrington was appointed United Kingdom High Commissioner in Australia. In 1959 he returned to the United Kingdom, where he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a Privy Counsellor, and in 1962 became Assistant Deputy Leader of the House of Lords. In the 1970 Conservative Government he was appointed Secretary of State for Defence, and subsequently Secretary of State for Energy. Between 1972 and 1974 he was Chairman of the Conservative Party. In May 1979 Lord Carrington was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and was Chairman of the Lancaster House Conference, which led to the solution of the Rhodesian problem and the creation of the independent Republic of Zimbabwe in 1981. He resigned in 1982 at the time of the Falklands crisis. In 1983 he became Chairman of the General Electric Company, a post which he held until his appointment to NATO in June 1984. In July 1988 Lord Carrington was succeeded as Secretary General of NATO by Manfred Worner.

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NATO Secretary General

Joseph Luns (1971-1984)

Born in Rotterdam in 1911

Joseph Luns attended schools in Amsterdam and Brussels and, aged 20, spent a year as an Ordinary Seaman in the Royal Netherlands Navy. He took his degree in Law from the Universities of Leiden and Amsterdam in 1937 and then studied at the London School of Economics and Berlin University before entering the Foreign Service of the Netherlands. During the war he served in Switzerland, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

From 1949 to 1952 he represented his country at the United Nations in New York, and resigned when he became joint Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. As a member of the Catholic People's Party he was four times successful in elections to Parliament, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs in various administrations, in which capacity he signed the 1957 Treaty of Rome on behalf of his country.

He was appointed Secretary General of NATO in October 1971 and was succeeded by Lord Carrington in May 1984.

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NATO Secretary General

Manlio Brosio (1964-1971)

Born in 1897, Deceded 1980

Manlio Brosio studied law at the University of Turin and, during World War I, served as an artillery officer in an Alpine regiment. After graduating in 1920, he entered politics, becoming one of the leaders of the "liberal revolution" movement, but was then forbidden to take any part in politics because of his vehement opposition to fascism. During the occupation of Italy he went underground and was, from 1943 to 1944, a member of the National Liberation Committee. In 1943 he returned to the political scene, subsequently becoming Deputy Prime Minister and, from 1945 to 1946, Minister of Defence.

Italian Ambassador to Moscow from January 1947 until December 1951, Manlio Brosio took part in negotiations over the peace treaty, as well as the first post-war trade agreement between Italy and the Soviet Union. He was appointed Ambassador in London in 1952, then to the United States in 1955, and from 1961 to 1964 was Italian Ambassador in Paris. He was chosen by the North Atlantic Council to succeed Dirk Stikker as Secretary General of NATO in 1964. He resigned from the post in 1971 and was succeeded by Joseph Luns. Manlio Brosio died in 1980.

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NATO Secretary General

Dirk U. Stikker (1961-1964)

Born in 1887, deceased 1979

Dirk U.Stikker was Born in 1887. Having studied law at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, he held various appointments in banking and industry between 1922 and 1948. In 1946 he founded the Party for Freedom and Democracy (of which he became Chairman) and from 1946 to 1948 he was a member of the First Chamber of the States General (Senate). From 1948 to 1952, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs and in 1949 represented the Netherlands at the Round Table Conference on the status of Indonesia and the Netherlands West Indies. In 1950 he became Political Mediator of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and later Chairman of this Organisation. He was Ambassador in London from 1952 to 1958, and later Ambassador to the Republic of Iceland.

Mr. Stikker was appointed Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the North Atlantic Council and to the OEEC in July 1958. In April 1961 the North Atlantic Council chose him to succeed Paul-Henri Spaak as Secretary General of NATO and Chairman of the North Atlantic Council. He relinquished this post in 1964 and was succeeded by Manlio Brosio. Dirk Stikker died in 1979.

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NATO Secretary General

Paul Henri Spaak (1957-1961)

Born in Schaarbeek (Brussels), 1899

Paul-Henri Spaak took a degree in jurisprudence at Brussels University. He became a Socialist Member of Parliament for Brussels in 1932 and subsequently Minister of Transport and of PTT. He moved from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to become Prime Minister from 1938 to 1939. After the war, which he spent with the Belgian Government in exile in London, he was agian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister from 1947 to 1949. In 1949 he presided over the first General Assembly of the United Nations.

In 1949 he was Chairman of the first session of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe and from 1952 to 1953 President of the General Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. in 1956 he was chosen by the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation to succeed Lord Ismay as Secretary General. He resigned from the post in March 1961 in order to resume his political career in the service of his own country and again became Foreign Minister of Belgium. Paul-Henri Spaak was also President of the Royal Belgian Academy of French Language and Literature. He was succeeded as Secretary General of NATO in April 1961 by Dirk Stikker. He died in 1972.

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NATO Secretary General

Lord Ismay (1952-1957)

Born in India, 1887

Lord Ismay was educated in the United Kingdom at Charterhouse School and the Royal Military College of Sandhurst, and in 1907 returned to India where he began a distinguished military career serving initially on the North West Frontier. During the First World War he saw active service in Somaliland. He returned to India again after the war and served on the staff of the Commander -in-Chief of the British Forces. At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Lord Ismay was made Deputy Secretary to the British War Cabinet, becoming the Chief of Staff to Winston Churchill and later to Clement Attlee when the latter became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1945. He participatein many important international conferences, including Moscow, Tehran and Yalta, and in 1946 was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten in the negotiations for India's independence.

Lord Ismay was the first Secretary General of NATO. He was appointed to the post on March 13, 1952, and took up office both as Secretary General of the Organisation and as Vice-Chairman of the North Atlantic Council on April 4, 1952, the third anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty. The functions he was to assume had been carried out since 1951 by Charles Spofford, Chairman of the Council Deputies. The chairmanship of the Council itself continued to be held by the Foreign Minister of one of the member countries rotating annually, until 1956 when the Secretary General of NATO became the Chairman of the North Atlantic Council at whatever level of government representation it chose to meet. Foreign Ministers continue to act as honorary Presidents of the Council whenever it meets at Ministerial level.

Lord Ismay retired from his post as Secretary General in May 1957 an was succeeded by Paul-Henri Spaak, Foreign Minister of Belgium. Lord Ismay died in 1965.